CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
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Understanding portfolio alignment approaches with NZIF 2.0

The latest research on net zero pathways shows that investors are increasingly moving away from paper decarbonisation towards real-world emission reduction, shares Alicia White director of Climate and Nature Solutions at Morningstar Sustainalytics

5 charts on asset manager support for sustainability resolutions

Asset managers' voting decisions vary substantially by location and firm size finds Lindsey Stewart, director of Institutional Insights at Morningstar

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NZI with Mona: Lindsey Stewart on NZI AC highlights: where next for climate investing?

Lindsey Stewart, director of Institutional Insights at Morningstar takes stock of the highlights of this year’s Net Zero Investor Annual Conference and key trends for climate investing in 2026

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NZI with Mona: engaging with managers

This year’s AGM season has brought a new set of challenges. While the number of resolutions being filed is declining, asset owners are increasingly focusing on selecting the right manager to pursue their climate ambitions. Lindsey Stewart, director of institutional insights at Morningstar, and Leanne Clements, head of responsible investing at The People’s Pension, share their perspectives.

Why scale up transition financing in emerging markets?

Azadeh Sabour, director of Climate Thought Leadership at Morningstar Sustainalytics, examines different approaches to scaling up transition finance in emerging markets

Out now: NZI Spark! Fixed income, a powerful lever

The second issue of NZI Spark!, our biannual digital magazine, is dedicated to the role of bonds on the road to net zero

In The News

2025 proxy season: sharp fall in significant resolutions as US-Europe gap persists

Investor support for shareholder resolutions has dropped markedly, with the gap between US and European asset managers remaining wide according to Morningstar’s latest Proxy Voting report.

European investors weigh ESG backlash as climate funds buck the trend

Global pushback against ESG is reshaping stewardship and fund labelling, yet capital continues to flow into energy transition infrastructure

Morningstar’s Bioy: “Investors increasingly understand the need to finance transition companies”

Hortense Bioy, global director of Sustainability Research at Morningstar sat down with NZI editor Mona Dohle to examine why investors are turning from low carbon to energy transition funds and if the US elections could become a stumbling block on the road to net zero

Morningstar: passive funds rapidly entering the ESG investment space

Passive investments now represent almost a quarter of all ESG fund assets globally, according to Morningstar's sustainability research chief Hortense Bioy

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