CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
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Work with Net Zero Investor to develop, produce and showcase an engaging campaign in writing, in-person, for listening or watching. 
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Partner content

Mobilising private credit for emerging markets: from financing gap to investment opportunity test

Emerging markets face a widening financing gap at a time when capital is most urgently needed for development and addressing critical climate-focused initiatives. Private credit aims to offer a scalable, flexible solution – so long as investors are willing to rethink risk and overall structure.

L&G

NZI Climate Solutions Summit 2026

During London Climate Action Week, Net Zero Investor and Wellington Management brough together asset owners, managers and consultants to discuss opportunities to invest in climate solutions

Wellington Management

The latest from Morningstar x Net Zero Investor

Climate benchmarks in practice: meeting evolving investor needs

Climate alignment does not have to mean giving up beta argues Margaret Stafford associate director, ESG Indexes at Morningstar

Morningstar

How Schroders Capital Solutions designs and manages multi-private markets portfolios

Private markets can improve portfolio outcomes, especially when integrated deliberately across return, risk, liquidity and governance. Vikram Bhandari, Jamie Woodall and Nicholas Molloy, private market specialists at Schroders Capital showcase how to achieve this in practice.

Schroders Capital

Net Zero Investor Nature Positive Investing Summit 2026

The Net Zero Investor Nature Positive Investment Summit convened UK institutional investors, pension funds, consultants, asset managers and market specialists to examine how natural capital is evolving from a niche sustainability theme into a mainstream portfolio consideration

Manulife Investment Management

Understanding portfolio alignment approaches with NZIF 2.0

The latest research on net zero pathways shows that investors are increasingly moving away from paper decarbonisation towards real-world emission reduction, shares Alicia White director of Climate and Nature Solutions at Morningstar Sustainalytics

Morningstar

Net Zero Investor Transition Equities Summit 2026

At Net Zero Investor’s Transition Equities Summit, pension investors and asset managers discussed how their approach to stock picking evolved from simple portfolio decarbonisation towards prioritising funding for the energy transition.

Lazard Asset Management

5 charts on asset manager support for sustainability resolutions

Asset managers' voting decisions vary substantially by location and firm size finds Lindsey Stewart, director of Institutional Insights at Morningstar

Morningstar

Agriculture: natural capital’s next frontier lies under our feet

With a growing number of UK institutional investors turning to natural capital, it is time to explore regenerative agriculture argues Nicholas Burlington, managing director at Regenerate Asset Management

Regenerate Asset Management

Turning nature management into measurable action

Emma Silcocks, group head of ESG and Zara Rourke, ecologist at Bluefield examine how insights on nature and biodiversity translate into changes in land management practices

Bluefield

Why renewables are at the forefront of the DC allocation revolution

Government-driven shift into private markets is taking shape – and UK energy transition infrastructure has emerged as a key option to address concerns around domestic concentration, argues Duncan Hale, portfolio manager at Schroders Greencoat.

Schroders

Out now: Spark! DC focus: a new dawn for climate investing?

The fourth issue of Spark puts DC investors centre stage, covering key topics from Mansion House reforms and renewable infrastructure to tech-heavy portfolios and bond strategies

Schroders, Regenerate AM, Bluefield

Schroders & Longview Networks DC Investment Survey 2026: key findings

Schroders and Longview Networks reveal the findings of their inaugural DC Investment Survey

Sponsored by Schroders

Green bond market: from niche instruments to core bonds

Johann Plé, senior portfolio manager and Rui Li, portfolio manager fixed income at AXA Investment Managers, examine how green bonds have evolved from a niche asset to a key source of portfolio diversification

AXA Investment Managers

What we’ve learnt from our just adaptation engagements

Carlota Garcia-Manas, Head of Climate Transition and ESG Engagement and Charles Stott, Responsible Investment Analyst at Royal London Asset Management explore how climate adaptation can be designed to deliver fair outcomes for people and the planet - sharing insights from a year of engagement across sectors

Royal London Asset Management

Out now: Spark! Infrastructure: the LNG bubble

The third issue of Spark! zooms in on the role of infrastructure investment, covering both risks of stranded assets in LNG as well as emerging opportunities in transition assets

RLAM, AXA IM

Net Zero Investor’s Real Estate Summit 2025

The Real Estate Summit, hosted by Net Zero Investor and moderated by Andrew Teacher, co-founder of Lauder + Teacher, brought together senior real estate investors to discuss how capital strategies, data and regulation are shaping the future of the built environment

Net Zero Investor’s Climate Solutions Summit 2025

Net Zero Investor brought together asset owners and industry professionals to discuss the technologies and investment strategies needed to support the energy transition in an event hosted by Clean Growth Fund, Regenerate Asset Management and Octopus Energy Generation.

Regenerate Asset Management, Octopus Energy, Clean Growth Fund

Emerging opportunities for UK long duration energy storage

Beverley Gower-Jones, managing partner for the Clean Growth Fund examines why long-duration energy storage has emerged as the missing piece in the UK’s clean energy puzzle

Sponsored by Clean Growth Fund

Climate Matters: Electric vehicles—rising sales and falling equities

Despite facing challenges in recent years, Craig Cameron of Templeton Global Equity Group believes the current environment for electric vehicles (EVs) is appealing. In this article, he explores the key supply and demand factors shaping the future of the EV sector and offers insights into where investment opportunities may be found.

Franklin Templeton

Why scale up transition financing in emerging markets?

Azadeh Sabour, director of Climate Thought Leadership at Morningstar Sustainalytics, examines different approaches to scaling up transition finance in emerging markets

Sponsored by Morningstar

Out now: NZI Spark! Fixed income, a powerful lever

The second issue of NZI Spark!, our biannual digital magazine, is dedicated to the role of bonds on the road to net zero

Morningstar

Net Zero Investor 2025 Transition Equities Summit

How can investors capture the opportunities of the energy transition in their equity portfolios? Net Zero Investor brought together leading institutional investors and managers in an event hosted by Pictet and Jo Hambro.

Pictet, Jo Hambro

NPIF 2025 in pictures

Asset owners, fund managers and industry experts from across the UK gathered in London to discuss the latest trends in nature positive investing

Aviva Investors, BNP Paribas, Foresight

Unlocking nature’s potential:  the future of carbon removal investments

Joachim Sudre, client solutions director UK & Ireland Institutional at Aviva Investors examines carbon removal opportunities of nature-based projects

Aviva

Net Zero Investor 2025 Renewable Infrastructure Summit

What are the latest opportunities and trends in renewable infrastructure investing? Net Zero Investor brough together leading institutional investors and managers in an event hosted by Triple Point, and Arjun Infrastructure

Arjun Infrastructure, Triple Point

Net Zero Investor Insurance Investment Summit

How can insurers decarbonise their investment portfolios? Net Zero Investor brought together leading insurance investors, Quinbrook, the Clean Growth Fund and the Green Finance Institute to discuss the opportunity

Quinbrook and the Clean Growth Fund

What does nature-positive investing look like in practice? A case study on timberland

Stephen Addicott, managing partner at Stafford Timberland, outlines how the manager approaches nature positive investment across its timberland assets.

Stafford Capital Partners

Why nature and renewables are inextricably linked

Zara Rourke, ecologist at Bluefield, outlines why the maintaining biodiversity plays a crucial role in the firm’s management of renewables assets.

Bluefield

UK Transition Infrastructure Investing Roundtable: new horizons

Net Zero Investor’s Energy Transition Infrastructure Roundtable highlighted the evolving role of sustainable infrastructure in meeting net-zero targets and the broader push for global decarbonisation

Octopus Energy Generation

Making climate technology a reality for infrastructure investment

Jon Pollock (JP), co-founder and CEO of Elbow Beach Capital examines the key opportunities in early-stage climate technology.

Elbow Beach Capital

NZI Real Estate 2024 - key insights

Net Zero Investor’s first Real Estate Summit brought together a select audience of real estate managers, industry representatives and a diverse group of asset owners to discuss how to decarbonise the asset class.

Hines and Octopus Investments

Net Zero Investor launches NZI Spark - a new digital magazine

The Net Zero Investor editorial team is delighted to share the first issue of NZI Spark. Our new bi-annual digital magazine

Bluefield and Stafford Capital Partners

The new green premium: creating value through decarbonisation

The real estate sector has long debated whether sustainable buildings command a ‘green premium’, but today, that debate is shifting argues Matteo Minardi, head of Real Estate Italy & managing director at Ardian.

Sponsored by Ardian

Time to go full speed – how UK Labour can accelerate investment in the energy transition

Maria Nazarova Doyle, global head of Sustainable Investment at IFM investors sets out the key lessons Labour can learn from Australia in attracting institutional investment to the energy transition

IFM Investors

NZI Renewable Infrastructure Summit 2024 : key insights

Net Zero Investor’s Renewable Infrastructure Summit provided a platform for asset owners and portfolio managers to explore opportunities in renewable infrastructure. This report provides an executive briefing and shares key insights from the event

Sponsored by Octopus Energy Generation and Gravis Capital

Creating tomorrow’s climate tech leaders: Clean Growth Fund

The £101m venture capital fund could play a key role in helping firms reduce their Scope 3 emissions argues Beverley Gower-Jones, founder and managing partner at the Clean Growth Fund

Sponsored by CCLA

Trustee Network Roundtable: nature positive investments and natural capital

Net Zero Investor’s Trustee Network Roundtable on nature positive investments and natural capital hosted by Nuveen brought together five experienced trustees to discuss how investors can integrate nature positive investments into their portfolios

Sponsored by Nuveen Investment Management

Transition Asset Roundtable: adapting to a changing world

Net Zero Investor brought together four asset owners and Tessa Younger, Stewardship lead at the CCLA to discuss the investment opportunities in the energy transition.

Sponsored by CCLA

Institutional capital can speed up the energy transition in emerging markets

Nazmeera Moola, chief sustainability officer and Matt Christ, portfolio manager at Ninety One comment on the crucial role of emerging markets on the road to net zero

Sponsored by Ninety One

Pollination: Hydrogen talk, hydrogen walk

Johannes Lohmann, executive director and Fabian Knoedler-Thoma, associate director at Pollination Group examine the opportunities in green hydrogen

Sponsored by Pollination Group

Cardano: IFRS brings forth a new era of sustainability considerations for pension funds

Michael Bushnell, managing director at Cardano Advisory takes a closer look at the updated ISSB standards to investigate how they could help pension schemes on their net zero journey

Sponsored by Cardano

UK stewardship stocktake: engagement at a gridlock?

Net Zero Investor brought together a group of senior UK institutional investors to discuss whether investors have made progress on climate change engagement

Sponsored by Longview Networks

LGPS Briefing: Private Markets Profile

Our second issue of Private Markets Profile comes hot on the heels of a government budget that reaffirmed its ambition to steer LGPS assets in the interests of policy objectives.

Sponsored by Igneo Infrastructure Partners

Avoided emissions – the benefits of tracking a climate positive metric on the path to Net Zero

Tal Lomnitzer, Senior Investment Manager on the natural resources team at Janus Henderson Investors

Sponsored by Janus Henderson Investors

Board directors and executive officers beware: personal ESG liability is here

Conor Chell, Laura Roberts and Maya Douglas from MLT Aikins say that directors – and now officers – could face personal liability over ESG issues.

Sponsored by MLT Aikins

Challenges to net-zero infrastructure investing

Darwin Marcelo from EDHECinfra discusses how to overcome issues involving data and metrics to reach net-zero emissions in infrastructure investments.

Sponsored by EDHECinfra

Biodiversity loss and the ecological transition

Robert Walker from the International Corporate Governance Network says that urgent action is needed to advance a transition to a low-carbon economy that also protects biodiversity.

Sponsored by International Corporate Governance Network

The Better World Series

Net Zero Investor in conversation with people making a difference through their work to the climate crisis, courtesy of www.ccla.co.uk Tony Juniper, Jake Fiennes, Catherine Howarth and many more.

Sponsored by CCLA

Active ownership in 2023: an engagement blueprint in action

Kimberley Lewis from Schroders on active investing – why it’s important for investment performance, priority themes and what’s new for 2023.

Sponsored by Schroders

Dirty funds: show your true colours

Dirty investment funds do not have to give any warning about the damage that they are inflicting. Funds that claim to be sustainable, on the other hand, do need to show explicitly what that claim is based on. It is high time to repair this flaw, argue Hadewych Kuiper and Hans Stegeman.

Sponsored by Triodos Bank

The climate movement needs to engage with ‘Big Mining’ as never before

Environmental activists need to ramp up engagement and collaboration with the mining industry if the energy transition is to be secured, however uncomfortable it makes them, argues Daniel Litvin.

Sponsored by Grantham Research Institute

LGPS: making progress on Paris-aligned investing

Net Zero Investor and sister title, Room151, brought together a group of UK local government investment professionals and asset managers to discuss their net-zero journeys.

Sponsored by Amundi and Insight Investment

Forestry Investing Roundtable

Our sister publication, Room151, gathered local government investment professionals and asset managers to share views on inflation protection, diversification, and the sustainability advantages of forestry.

Sponsored by Gresham House and Stafford Capital Partners

The energy transition in Europe

The shape of things to come by Kingsmill Bond, and Sam Butler-Sloss

Sponsored by RMI

Setting ambitious goals to achieve net zero

Capital Dynamics’ Verena Rossolatos and Barney Coles discuss how clean energy, private credit and private equity can help to align investment portfolios with a net-zero pathway.

Sponsored by Capital Dynamics

The case for carbon credits in land-based solutions

Martin Davies from Nuveen Natural Capital argues that land-based investment opportunities are set to surge as global carbon markets mature.

Sponsored by Nuveen Natural Capital

Biodiversity Roundtable

Our sister publication, Room151, gathered a group of investors from the UK's Local Government Pension Scheme to exchange views on pension fund investing and biodiversity loss.

Sponsored by Impax Asset Management & Jupiter Asset Management