CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
News & Views

CalPERS’ Cohen takes lead of Climate Action 100+ governing committee

Michael Cohen, chief operating investment officer of the at $462.8bn US pension fund CalPERS has been appointed as chair of the Steering Committee for the investor coalition Climate Action 100+

In his new role, Cohen will be responsible for setting the strategy for the investor coalition, which is backed by some 700 members across 33 markets with the aim to push corporates on adopting more ambitious climate action.

The role rotates every 12 months between different regional representatives on the committee. Cohen takes over from François Humbert of Generali Asset Management.

CalPERS has been a co-founder of the investor network which launched in 2017 and has also served as its inaugural chair.

But Cohen is now facing new challenges. Climate Action 100+ has been plagued by a number of prominent exits from asset managers, as J.P. Morgan and State Street announced their departures within a short period of time. Meanwhile, BlackRock has limited its membership status to BlackRock International which commands a much smaller volume of assets than the US business.

A key task for Cohen will be to support the successful rollout of Climate Action 100+’s phase 2. With cynicism on stewardship growing and investor coalitions risking the accusation of being talking shops, Climate Action 100+ intends to ramp up its engagement efforts.


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In the first five years since its inception, some 75% of companies on the Climate Action 100+ focus list have adopted net zero targets, the focus is now on pushing for more transparent disclosure standards to ensure that pledges are being put into action, the investor coalition said last year.

This also involves tougher expectations on investor members. Every focus company has been assigned a lead investor who is expected to disclose their annual schedule of engagements with the respective company and steps being taken to escalate shareholder demands.

Another challenge for the stewardship network is the move towards divestment from fossil fuels among major institutional investors. With pension funds such as PFZW, previously Climate Action 100+ lead investor for Shell, announcing their decision to sell off fossil fuel holdings, it could become harder for investors to influence the world’s heaviest emitters.

CalPERS itself has in the past been a vocal opponent of fossil divestment, CalPERS CEO Marcie Frost said the fund would be abandoning its fiduciary duty by divesting from fossil fuels. The fund could still face the introduction of the Fossil Fuel Divestment Act, which could force the Californian systems to divest their $15bn in fossil fuel holdings.


CalPERS CEO pushes back on fossil fuel divestment calls

Climate Action 100+ exits: a crisis of stewardship?


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