CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
News & Views

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Delegates representing pension funds, insurers, charities, endowments and fund managers gathered at Stationer's Hall in the heart of the City of London to discuss new investment strategies to support the energy transition

Content Tags: Asset Allocation 
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
The event was chaired by Lindsey Stewart, director Institutional Insights at Morningstar
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

The first panel of the day featured Thomas Hohne-Sparborth, head of sustainability research at Lombard Odier Investment, Sufina Ahmad director at the John Ellerman Foundation, James Monk, investment director at Fidelity International and Katharina Lindmeier, head of sustainability strategy at Nest who discussed how investors can rethink their mandates with a focus on climate commitments.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Jake Harper, senior investment manager, private credit at Legal & General outlined how to finance the transition in emerging markets.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Alistair Jones, senior managing director and head of ESG at Leadenhall Capital Partners highlighted the role of insurance-linked strategies in funding climate adaptation.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Craig Cameron, senior vice president, portfolio manager and analyst at Templeton Global Investments, Helena Threlfall portfolio manager at Local Pensions Partnership Investments and Rahil Ram head of investment strategy at NatWest Cushon took stock of the latest trends in investing to fund climate adaptation.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Martin Barnewell, head of commercial real estate lending at Aberdeen Investments spoke to Sanjay Joshi, Impact and Local Investing Specialist at Hymans Robertson about the role of green private credit in funding the transition.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Steven King, senior vice president at RMS, Eline Reintjes, climate and nature investment strategy manager at Aviva IWR, Joe Shamash

investment director at Better Society Capital and Jonny Page, director of social impact investment for the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation discussed the latest trends in climate and nature investing.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Liv Miller, director at Quinbrook, Beverley Gower-Jones, founder and managing partner of the Clean Growth Fund. Cristiana Dochioiu, investment manager - infrastructure & energy investments at Railpen and Matteo Millone, senior responsible investment specialist at APG Asset Management discussed the changing face of clean energy investing.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Joanna Sharples chief investment officer, DC solutions at AON, Shiv Sivanesan,director of investment management and stewardship for the West Midlands Pension Fund and Anita Bhatia, trustee and NED shared ideas on coping with policy risk and uncertainties.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference

Claire Meier, investor director at ASCOR and Jonas David, research director for the Anthropocene Fixed Income Institute analysed how investors can tackle carbon footprints of sovereign debt.

In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
In pictures: highlights from NZI’s 2025 Annual Conference
Content Tags: Asset Allocation 

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