CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
Kudu bull with mouth open next to Spekboom tree in Addo Elephant Park, South Africa, credit: Shutterstock
Briefs

Institutional investors back $120m World Bank Spekboom Restoration Bond

 A consortium of institutional investors has backed the World Bank's $120m Spekboom Restoration Outcome Bond, which will fund large-scale ecosystem restoration and job creation in South Africa's Eastern Cape province.

Backers include Nuveen, AllianceBernstein, BNP Paribas Cardif, Impax Asset Management, L&G, Mackenzie Investments, MetLife Investment Management, Morgan Stanley Investment Management and Skandia Investment Management, who commited to the World Bank's $120m Spekboom Restoration Outcome Bond, which will fund large-scale ecosystem restoration and job creation in South Africa's Eastern Cape province.


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Priced on April 23, 2026, the 14-year bond represents the World Bank's longest-dated outcome bond and mobilises $25m of private capital to support a 50,000 hectare scale-up of the Spekboom restoration project, which aims to create 11,000 local jobs while restoring degraded landscapes.

We are delighted to partner again with the World Bank and bnp paribas to support this large-scale ecosystem project in South Africa," said Tony Trzcinka, senior portfolio manager at Impax Asset Management. "While offering investors an attractive yield coupon, it will help deliver carbon sequestration, ecosystem recovery and biodiversity conservation."

For BNP Paribas  Cardif, this marks the first participation in an outcome bond. "We are proud to participate in the Spekboom Restoration Outcome Bond as it supports nature-based solutions that generate environmental positive impact and create benefits for local communities," said Matthieu Bonte, global chief CIO at BNP Paribas. 

"We are delighted to partner again with the World Bank and BNP Paribas to support this large-scale ecosystem project in South Africa," said Tony Trzcinka, senior portfolio manager at Impax Asset Management. "While offering investors an attractive yield coupon, it will help deliver carbon sequestration, ecosystem recovery and biodiversity conservation."

Jake Harper from L&G highlighted the pension capital angle. "This marks our second outcome bond investment through our Nature and Social Outcomes strategy, showing how UK pension capital can support projects in emerging markets that bring together large-scale nature restoration with tangible social benefits, while delivering returns for pension savers," said Harper, head of EM Private Debt at L&G.


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