CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
Jamie Dimon, CEO of JP Morgan, credit: Shutterstock
Briefs

JP Morgan replaces proxy advisers with AI-based research tool

JP Morgan Asset & Wealth Management has cut ties with its external proxy advisers for its US stewardship efforts, replacing them with an AI-powered stewardship tool as proxy advisers face growing political backlash in the US.

The manager has replaced its external proxy advisers with an in-house, AI-powered software, Proxy IQ, which will aggregate and analyse data from company meetings, according to a briefing note seen by Net Zero Investor.

The new tool will draw on proprietary data from more than 3,000 annual company meetings, reinforcing the independent analysis carried out by JP Morgan’s portfolio managers, the firm said. This move eliminates the need to rely on third-party data collection.

JP Morgan, which has historically relied on major proxy advisers including Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis for its stewardship activities, has long been critical of the sector. The bank’s chief executive criticised the “undue influence” of proxy advisers in a letter to shareholders in 2024.

The announcement comes a month after the US administration issued an executive order aimed at curbing the influence of proxy advisers on ESG and DEI matters. Pointing out that Glass Lewis and Institutional Shareholder Services control around 90% of the proxy advisory market, the White House criticised what it described as “politically motivated advice” and said advisers prioritised ideological goals.

The order encourages the Securities and Exchange Commission, the US financial markets watchdog, to investigate proxy advisers for potential fraud in voting recommendations. It also suggests that reliance on proxy voting advice could amount to a breach of fiduciary duty.


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