CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
Image credits: DTEK Renewables
News & Views

Danish tailwinds are powering Ukraine’s wartime wind farms

Danish sovereign wealth fund EIFO and turbine supplier Vestas are bolstering a wind energy rollout in Ukraine

Energy is a critical frontline of the war in Ukraine. Following Russia’s invasion, Ukraine lost 80% of pre-war thermal electricity capacity in under two years. Simultaneously, some two-thirds of dispatchable power was either damaged or occupied.

Ukraine has turned to wind to keep the lights on. In 2025, the country added a record 324MW of wind energy capacity – putting Ukrainian resilience on display in the process. Tyligulska, one of Ukraine’s largest wind power plants, was constructed just 100kms from the frontline. It is the world’s first wartime wind farm.


NZI Transition and Climate Investment Conference | 22 October | London | Register here


Ukraine’s wind rollout is picking up momentum. Kernel, an agro-industrial company, is the latest participant. The company, which supplies nearly 8% of the world’s sunflower oil exports, is building a wind farm of its own.

Danish capital

Kernel has set its sights on a new 94.5MW wind farm in central Ukraine. The project will include 21 turbines supported by battery storage systems. The electricity it produces will feed Kernel’s own operations as well as Ukraine’s wider grid.

For Ukraine’s energy woes, wind offers key security benefits. Crucially, wind power plants are decentralised and distributed energy systems – adding a layer of resilience compared to fossil fuel alternatives.

Kernel’s wind farm and DTEK Renewables’ Tyligulska have common financial backing. Denmark’s sovereign wealth fund EIFO provided guarantees for the latter. Now, the fund has extended a €100m loan to support the former.

“When half of a country’s electricity production is gone, the priority is to bring new capacity online quickly. That requires someone to step forward”, says EIFO’s chief executive Peter Lundquist.

“We are pleased to help pave the way”, he adds, noting that energy is a new business domain for Kernel.

Kernel sees the project as part of Ukraine’s response to the war. “This project is much more than a new source of electricity. It is an investment in Ukraine's resilience, energy independence and long-term economic recovery. Despite the war, we continue investing in Ukraine because we believe in its future”, says CEO Yevgen Osypov.

Danish business

That Danish companies have a long history of pioneering wind energy technologies is relevant context.

The world’s first offshore wind farm – Vindeby – entered operations in 1991 off the coast of Denmark. Managed by what came to be known as Ørsted. Vestas, the Danish turbine manufacturer has wind energy engineering heritage tracing back to the 1970s.

Maintaining Denmark’s leadership in wind energy technology is one of EIFO’s stated objectives.

All of which adds commercial prospect to Denmark’s strategic partnership with Ukraine’s wind industry. “At the same time, the reconstruction of Ukraine represents a significant business opportunity, where Danish companies — such as Vestas — are helping lead the way. This benefits Danish industry and is crucial for Ukraine,” says EIFO’s Lundquist.

Vestas, for example, is no stranger to Ukrainian wind. 64 of Tyligulska’s turbines have a Vestas logo on them. When Vestas disclosed its Q2 2026 order book, Kernel’s project was announced as an ‘undisclosed order’, according to a statement from EIFO. All 21 of the farm’s turbines will be supplied and installed by Vestas.

“Ukraine’s wind power is more than a resource, is a force for recovery, resilience, and renewal”, says José Luis Jimeno, president of Vestas Mediterranean.

Denmark’s minister for business and competitiveness Martin Lidegaard also draws attention to the bigger picture. ‘Solidarity you can plug into’, he calls it – referring to EIFO and Vestas’ partnership with Kernel.

“When Russia tries to turn out the lights”, he says, “we help switch hope back on in Ukraine”.

Danish tailwinds are powering Ukraine’s wartime wind farms

Related Content