CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm
CO2 / PPM /Annual Averages / Data Source: noaa.gov 1980 338.91ppm 1981 340.11ppm 1982 340.86ppm 1983 342.53ppm 1984 344.07ppm 1985 345.54ppm 1986 346.97ppm 1987 348.68ppm 1988 351.16ppm 1989 352.78ppm 1990 354.05ppm 1991 355.39ppm 1992 356.1ppm 1993 356.83ppm 1994 358.33ppm 1995 360.18ppm 1996 361.93ppm 1997 363.04ppm 1998 365.7ppm 1999 367.8ppm 2000 368.97ppm 2001 370.57ppm 2002 372.59ppm 2003 375.14ppm 2004 376.96ppm 2005 378.97ppm 2006 381.13ppm 2007 382.9ppm 2008 385.01ppm 2009 386.5ppm 2010 388.76ppm 2011 390.63ppm 2012 392.65ppm 2013 395.39ppm 2014 397.34ppm 2015 399.65ppm 2016 403.09ppm 2017 405.22ppm 2018 407.62ppm 2019 410.07ppm 2020 412.44ppm 2021 414.72ppm 2022 418.56ppm 2023 421.08ppm 2024 424.61ppm 2025 427.35ppm

Sovereign Wealth

Briefs
Briefs

IFC, Swedfund, BII, Proparco back climate-resilience for Indian agriculture

The$12.8m investment in Arya, an technology platform, will target storage efficiency and financing

Briefs

UK set to launch green gilt, coupon set at 4.6%

The 2037 sovereign green bond is expected to be launched via syndication next week

News & Views

NBIM maintains record high equity exposure to climate solutions

11% of its equity portfolio is invested in climate solutions and exposure to renewable infrastructure is growing

Briefs
News & Views

Powering through war: how wind farms became a symbol of Ukrainian resilience

Since Russia’s invasion in 2022, wind farms have become a cornerstone of Ukraine’s energy security. Backed by investors, Ukraine defied the odds to install record levels of wind energy capacity in 2025

News & Views

Phoenix CIO calls for NWF product rethink to unlock insurer capital

The UK’s National Wealth Fund (NWF) will need to reconsider how its investment products are structured if it is to attract large-scale capital from the insurance sector, according to Phoenix Group CIO Michael Eakins

Briefs

Norges Bank announces 18% annual return from renewable infrastructure

Unlisted renewable infrastructure accounts of 0.4% of NBIM’s holdings. In recent months, NBIM has signalled its intent to diversify its exposure

News & Views

EU pitches renewables-led energy independence plan at Davos

In urgent pursuit of strategic autonomy, Europe is pushing for more homegrown clean energy. Its latest move – a €5bn technology fund received significant backing at Davos

Briefs

Australian sovereign climate fund backs QIC infrastructure strategy

The Global Infrastructure Fund II will target investments in transition infrastructure assets in energy and transport sectors

Briefs

Norges Bank set to diversify renewable infrastructure investments

NBIM’s new strategic plan includes a push for investing more in 'enabling' infrastructure and indirect structures

Briefs

EIFO extends €100m loan to Vulcan Energy’s geothermal lithium project

The loan is part of a financing package for Europe’s first integrated lithium supply chain, aimed at reducing high levels of Chinese import dependence

Briefs
News & Views

‘Largest capital reallocation in history’: NBIM renews commitments to renewable infrastructure

The Norwegian investment manager has outlined its climate ambitions for the next five years, doubling down on commitments to invest in the transition

News & Views

‘It takes patience’: EIFO’s Sara Sande on investing in early-stage climate tech

The Danish Export and Investment Fund is looking to become an early backer for climate tech companies